According to Table .2 out of the total population of 318 persons in the surveyed house-holds, 10.06% (7.84% girl and 12.12% boy) are children below 6 years of age. Percentage share of young people in the age bracket of 6 - 15 years of male and female are 20% and 12.42% respectively.31.52% male and 37.9% female belongs to the age group of 16 - 30 years. There are 18.18% male and 28.11% female are in the group of 31 – 45 years, occupies 22.96% of the total population in the surveyed households. There are 8.48% male and 8.50% female belongs to 45 – 60 years of age group which is 8.49% of the total population. 7.55% of the total population is aged or dependent population i.e., they are above 60 years of age. We found 9.70% male and 5.23% female, in the surveyed household.

2) Social status:-

2.1) Caste and religion wise population:

Caste and religion composition of Dakshin Mashaldanga is very significant. There are 21 Hindu families among the surveyed household who all are belongs to schedule caste community. There is no family belong to schedule tribe community. The percentage share of Hindu population is 42%, whereas Muslim population is of 48% of the total population. All the Muslim person belongs to OBC – A category declared West Bengal state government.

It is also to be mentioned that to avail the benefit scheduled for SC/OBC, the residents of Chitmahal have to depend on the certificate issued by the local Panchayat Pradhan as valid caste certificate is not issued to the people till death.

2.2) Marital status:

The countries with highest observed rate of Child marriages below the age of 18 are Niger, Chad, Mali, Bangladesh, Guinea and Central African Republic with rate above 60%. Justified as an accepted norm with social and financial benefits, child marriage has little or no benefit for the young girls’ themselves who are more vulnerable to domestic violence, more likely to be uneducated, at greater risk of contracting HIV/AIDS and more likely to bear children before they are physically ready. Indeed; for some 70000 young brides who die every year as a result of pregnancy or children complications, early marriage is a death sentence.( UNICEF, 2012). It is estimated that 47% of girls in India are married before their 18^th birthday. The rates of child marriage vary between states and are as high as 69% and 65% in Bihar and Rajasthan respectively.

The highly disappointing rate of female education makes the child marriage a very common phenomenon among the girl Child of Dakshin Mashaldanga especially in the Muslim community. During the course of field survey we found 5.88% of Hindu married woman who got married before their 14 years of age. The percentage share of their Muslim counterpart is as high as 18.75%. It is also found in Table.3 that 68.75% of Muslim married women got married between 14 – 17 years of age whereas 55.88% of Hindu married woman got married at that age group. The percentage share of Hindu married woman, who marry after they reach their adulthood is 38.24%. This scenario is very shameful for the society indeed.

Table 3: Status of married woman

Age group	Hindu		Muslim
Age group	No	Percentage	No	Percentage
10—14	2	5.88	9	18.75
14—17	19	55.88	33	68.75
18 years and above	13	38.24	6	12.5
SUM	34	100	48	100

Source: Primary Field Survey, 2017

3. Level of Education:

Getting education was not so easy for the residents of Dakshin Mashaldanga and it was a very common scene in all the Chitmahals, situated in both Bangladesh and India. If any parents want to give education to their children then it is very expensive for them because they have to send their children to Indian school by changing their address and father’s name. This process so called “rented fathers” demands lot of money for lending their name and address to their children. Thus they fell into this social evil trap for becoming uneducated. (Samapti Saha, 2013).The nine members team, surveyed the condition of education of the people of 10 enclaves. They said that without any citizenship of a country as well as no birth certificate of people of enclaves it was not feasible to provide admission to any of the govt authorization school.( Anandabazar Patrika, 18^th April 2013). So that, likewise other enclave dwellers people of Dakshin Mashaldanga remain uneducated for decade after decades. Sometimes they were forced to change their child name and date of birth to avail other’s birth certificate or the card issued for polio vaccination. With the exchange of the enclaves they got rid of this extreme problematic situation. This scenario adversely affects the literacy rate and the level of education of the enclave area and Dakshin Mashaldanga is not any exception in this case. With the exchange of enclave this pathetic situation has been changed. Now the poor people get chance to get their children admitted in the local school easily. Now, they do not need to borrow fake certificates any more to admit their children in the Indian school.

Table no 4: Level of education

Level of education	Male		Female
Level of education	No	Percentage	No	Percentage
ILLITERATE	40	24.24	63	41.18
LITERATE	25	15.17	18	11.76
PRIMARY	16	9.7	6	3.92
UPPER PRIMARY	34	20.63	30	19.61
UPTO CLASS X	22	13.08	20	13.07
M.P	14	8.5	10	6.54
H.S	10	6.06	5	3.27
GRADUATION	4	2.62	1	0.65
SUM	165	100	153	100

Source: Primary Field Survey, 2017

As regards the education attainment of the villagers, Table.6 shows that 24.24% female population and 41.18% male population are illiterate. 11.76% of total female population and 15.17% male are only literate, that they are only able to sign their name. Only 3.92% female and 9.7% male have attained elementary education. Due to the poor economic condition young men have to leave their educational journey at the elementary level and they are bound to join their job. It consequences the less participation of male population into higher studies than elementary education. The percentage share of male population in Upper primary level of education, up to class X, M.P and H.S is 20.63%, 13.08%, 8.5%, 6.06% respectively, whereas the percentage share of their female counterpart is 19.61%,13.07%,6.54% and 3.27% respectively. We found only 1(0.65%) candidate who is continuing her study in undergraduate level. It is a very exceptional case indeed to find out a daughter in law studying in college from his in-laws house with her new born baby. Likewise other villages of our country it is very obvious for women to give up her study after marriage even at the age of 12 to 14 years. In this regard this family is taking a significant role in female education. Though we found 2.62% of male engaged in their undergraduate study.

They depend on the adjacent Gaochulka Junior Basic School 1.5 km far away from Dakshin Mashaldanga. Gaochulka Girls junior High School(1.5 km away), Nazirhat Harakumari High School(2.5km) are their destination in case of higher study than Upper Primary. Under graduates are studying in Dinhata College (20km) and Dawanhat College (30km).

4. Health facilities:

Due to non availability of government intervention there is no health facility in the enclaves. For medical treatment they are dependent on Indian Medical System. But there was always a fear of Police or B.S.F. But for any emergency like pregnancy where modern medical facility was mandatory they had to go to Indian Hospital for admission of those ladies but they fell into the social evil trap like changing the name of their husband and address and to borrow the rented husband otherwise hospital authority will not admit that lady. If created a tout who charges high amount of money for giving them husband’s name and address. If lady denied to accept the other husband’s name then there was uncertainty of their lives as well as their newly born baby and they get diverted them towards the traditional and unscientific treatment. This political discomposure forced to live the children of enclaves without any vaccination not even Polio. Those people managed to get fake ID proof or had any relative in Indian main land; they only get the opportunity to immune their child with necessary vaccine.

Likewise the non availability of government intervention, under developed transport system delayed the process of getting medical treatment in an emergency. Like other enclave, Dakshin Mashaldanga had not metalled road network. Usually it becomes next to impossible to reach the hospital especially in the rainy season, when the road became almost like a paddy field. Then there was no such option other than depending upon the traditional treatment method.

With the exchange of enclave it becomes easy to avail the medical facility as they do not need to change their name and address anymore. Significantly before the exchange of enclaves the 26% of the surveyed household experienced the death of a child below 6 months only for depending upon the homemade traditional systems of giving birth to child. With the emergence to Indian main land, as early as the transport system will be developed, the enclave dwellers will avail the medical treatment easily in case of emergency. According to Dighaltari Health Sub Centre situated at Salmara, the adjacent village of Dakshin Mashaldanga, after the enclave exchange the worker of health department got the order to immunise the child from the age group of 0 to 5 years with all the vaccines which are due till date. This process of vaccination is still going on. Now the entire pregnant mothers as well as the new born baby are getting the necessary care allotted for them from the state government.

According to the above said health sub centre the main chronic disease of the surveyed village are tuberculosis, influenza, skin disease etc. The unhygienic livelihood and careless attitude to prevention leads them to suffer from the tuberculosis and skin disease. They get the primary level treatment from the said sub centre and Nazirhat health centre. They depend on Dinhata sub divisional Hospital for serious illness.

5. Economic Profile:

It can be clearly stated that agriculture is the backbone of economy of this village. But the economy is clearly backward in this area. Due to obstruction of coming out from their enclaves, they could not go outside for the purpose of earning livelihood. For agriculture they face various problems as there is no market system, due to no interference from the government. Even for buying fertilizers they had to pay high amount of money because of non availability of ration card. For selling agricultural product they had to depend on neighbouring country’s village markets where they were cheated by middle man (S. Saha, 2013)

This phenomenon has ruined the development process of the economy of this area. As a result, recently after the exchange of enclaves they are fighting hard to recover their spoiled economy. During the course of field study it is observed that this region has started to depend on the agricultural technology like – they use power tiller tractor, pesticides and organic and chemical – both kind of fertilizers to enhance the productivity of their farm.

5.1) Occupational Structure:

Table 5: Occupational structure

Occupational structure	No of respondent	Percentage
SELF-EMPLOYED CULTIVATION	49	15.4
SELF-EMPLOYED AGRICULTURAL LABOUR	52	16.35
NON- AGRICULTURAL LABOUR	3	0.94
BUSINESS	4	1.26
SERVICE	2	0.63
SELF-EMPLOYED NON AGRICULTURAL LABOUR	2	0.63
TRANSPORTATIONAL WORKER	2	0.63
HOUSEWIFE	96	30.19
STUDENT	52	16.35
CHILDREN	32	10.06
OLD AGE	24	7.56
SUM	318	100

Source: Primary Field Survey, 2017

It can be clearly stated in Table.5 that the main occupation of the enclave people are based on agricultural cultivator in own land and agricultural labourers are holding the major percentage share in the occupational structure of the enclave area. The percentage share of the self employed cultivator is 15.40%. Despite of having own land, agricultural labour occupies the highest percentage in occupational structure. 0.94% of total population is non agricultural labourer. During the field survey we found only 1.26% of the total population are engaged in business. Only 0.63% of the total population is engaged in government services. One person is found who is appointed as civic volunteers in West Bengal police and another is appointed as BSF cadre. It can be mentioned in this regard that they take the assistance of illegal fake identity proof to grab the government job. There are only 0.63% are engaged in each non agricultural labour and transportation worker. 30.19% of the total populations are house wives and 16.35% are students. Besides these, 10.56% are children and 7.56% are old age population respectively in Dakshin Mashaldanga village.

5.2) Nature of Work:

62% of the total surveyed household who work for the whole year and 38% of the total surveyed household depend on the seasonal worker.

5.3) Income structure:

The enclave dwellers got deprived decades after decades in terms of every basic need required to lead a normal life. This leads a backward economy of this area.

Table 6: Level of monthly income

Income (in rs per month)	No of household	Percentage
<3000	13	26
3000-5000	18	36
5000-7000	15	30
>7000	4	8
SUM	50	100

During the course of field survey, we found there are 26% of the total households surveyed who earn less than 3000 per month. 36% of total household earn Rs. 3000 – Rs. 5000 per month and 30% of the total families earn Rs. 5000 to Rs. 7000 per month. We found only 4 families which comes to only 8% of the total households, earns greater than Rs. 7000/= per month. This scenario clearly indicates that the area is economically backward one

5.4) Land holding per family:

Table 7: Amount of Landholding Per Family

Amount of land (in bigha)	No of household	Percentage
NIL	20	40
<2	11	22
2—5	14	28
5—10	4	8
>10	1	2
SUM	50	100

Source: Primary Field Survey, 2017

There are 40% households who do not have any agricultural land of their own to cultivate. They usually depend on the other land owners, who have comparatively higher land holdings. They take land as lease for the seasons and cultivate. Share of profit is usually decided by the interest of the land owner and cultivator. There are 22% of the total households who has less than 2 bighas of agricultural land. 28% of household have 2 to 5 bighas of agricultural land. We found 8% families, who have 5 to 10 bigha of agricultural land only 2% family having more than 10 bighas of agricultural land.

5.5) Types of farm:

Table 7: Types of farm

Types of farm	No of household	Percentage
MONO CROP	5	16.67
DOUBLE CROP	22	73.33
MULTI CROP	3	10
SUM	30	100

Source: Primary Field Survey, 2017

During the field survey 60% families have found who have agricultural land of their own. 16.67% of the surveyed household cultivate their agricultural land once in a year. Highest percentage share is occupied by the double crop cultivated farm with 73.33%. Only 10% farms are multicrop type. So it can be clearly stated that the main agricultural field is characterised by double crop farm.

5.6) Source of Irrigation:

The main source of irrigation is the Mashaldanga bill situated in the Dakshin Mashaldanga. They use swallow pump for the irrigation purpose. After the exchange of enclaves’ govt. arranged many swallow pump set, powered by solar power which is very helpful and popular as well among the villagers.

5.7) Use of Technology:

Likewise the adjacent Indian mainland Dakshin Mashaldanga is no more dependent upon the traditional system of cultivation. They use machinery and technologies in the agriculture.

In this context, it should be mentioned that Indian government has given 5 sets of machines to Dakshin Mashaldanga, which consists of power tiller, harvester etc. for the use of community. This has been allotted from the grant sanctioned by the central government i.e, INR 1005 crores. Otherwise they rent the power tiller at the rate of Rs. 120/ per bigha according to their requirement. Enclave development cell also build many green houses across the Chitmahal to produce the vegetables. Job card holder also gets an opportunity to produce organic fertilizers, for the use of their farm, within their house premises through the scheme of MGNREGA (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act).

5.8) Use of fertilizers:

Though they use both organic and chemical fertilizer, still now the rate of using chemical fertilizer is higher than organic fertilizers. But after the exchange of enclaves through MGNREGA scheme govt has taken the initiative to encourage the enclave dwellers in using the organic fertilizers. In this scheme, Govt helps them to construct the brick made large container and gives them Rs 10,000/- to produce the organic fertilizer they and they use those fertilizers for farming.

Though the availability of benefit through MGNREGA scheme is based on job card, still during field survey we found only 19 families amongst 50 number of surveyed household who are preparing organic fertilizers according to their requirement under this MGNREGA scheme, which comes to only 38% of the total households.

v It sometimes becomes difficult to find out job in the adjacent locality, as the residents of the enclave dwellers were easily marked as Bangladeshi; hence they had to depend on the illegal identity card in the exchange of Rs 500 – Rs 2000. This illegal fake identity proof helps them to find out the job away from their locality, like Delhi, Rajasthan, Kolkata etc. We found 46% of the surveyed family have their family members residing in other state to earn their bread. As a result of field survey, it is found that most of the people are engaged in non agricultural labour work.

(a) Choice of destination –

Table 8: Choice of destination

Name of state/city	No of family	Percentage
DELHI	12	52.17
HARYANA	3	13.04
KOLKATA	4	17.39
RAJASTHAN	1	4.36
OTHER	3	13.04
SUM	23	100

Source: Primary Field Survey, 2017

With the help of the above table it can be said that 52.17% of the surveyed families, who have their family settled away from their homeland, have their family members settled in Delhi. Delhi is followed by Kolkata, where 17.39% family have their family members settled in the city. After Kolkata, next comes Haryana and Rajasthan having share of 13.04% and 4.36% respectively. Rest of the population are settled away in Assam, Kerala etc.

(b) Nature of Work -

Though 46% of the surveyed family have their family members residing in other state for their occupation, only 43.47% of them are whole timer and others i.e., 56.53% work outside mainly on temporary basis.

(c) Demographic structure of the people settled away -

It is very obvious that the main proportion of the demographic structure will be occupied by the working population. The above table does not mark any exception. 92.92% of the people residing outside of Dakshin Mashaldanga for the occupation are belonging to working population which is between 15 – 40 years. Percentage share of male and female population are 65.02% and 27.90% respectively. The average age of the population are within the range of 40 years. 6.96% of the girl child is residing with their parents away from their homeland.

(d) Occupational structure of the emigrant –

Table 9: Occupational structure of the emigrants

Occupation	Male		Female
Occupation	No	Percentage	No	Percentage
CONSTRUCTIONAL LABOUR	27	77.42	5	41.67
DOMESTIC LABOUR	3	9.68	4	33.33
GARDENER	2	6.45	0	0
DATA ENTRY OPERATER	2	6.45	0	0
STUDENT	0	0	3	25
SUM	31	100	12	100

Source: Primary Field Survey, 2017

77.42% are engaged as labourers in building construction work. Only 9.68% of male population are domestic labour, and 6.45% of male population are engaged as gardener and computer data entry operator separately. Major portion of the female population which consists of 41.67% are working as labourer in building construction work like their male counterpart. 33.33% are engaged in domestic labour. 25% which are mainly girl child are student and they are studying at local school.

(e) Percentage shares in monthly income:

It is not appropriate for all the family residing away from Dakshin Mashaldanga that they are main earning source for rest of the family members, residing at Dakshin Mashaldanga. There is variation in taking the economic responsibility of the family. 21.74% of the families are not dependent on the income earned by their non residential counterpart. We found 13.04% of the families are dependent upon their migrated family members, for less than 50% of their monthly income. There are 26.09% of the families whom 50% - 70 % of their monthly income comes from their immigrant family members. Still 39.13% of the surveyed families are dependent upon their immigrant family members for more than 70% of their family income.

6) Basic Amenities:

The enclave people were Bangladeshi citizens who live on the Indian side of the border surrounded by Indian Territory and no links to Bangladesh. The Indian government called them foreigners and had not given them even the most basic facilities, like sanitation, electricity, water or education and most importantly and identity. (NDTV news 2011)

The field survey also proves that the age long deprivation put them into a dark hole, and it will take so long time to make the people equal to the adjacent Indian main land in respect to basic amenities.

Table 10 : Basic aminities

Basic aminities	No of house hold (in percentage)
SAFE DRINKING WATER	20
ELECTRICITY	72
LATRINE	92
T.V	48
TWO WHEALER	8
MOBILE	76

Source: Primary Field Survey, 2017

The above table depicts that only 20% of the total family in the village are availing the facility of safe drinking water, which do not reflect a progressive signal. As regard the source of drinking water, all are dependent on tube well. 72% of total families have got electricity connection and percentage wise it comes to In this case, it should be mentioned that all the electricity, using by the household is completely through hooking til the survey was made. The legal electricity connection is yet to be connected in the Dakshin Mashaldanga. The implementation of electric pole and setting up of transformer has already done. 46 families have provision for separate latrine among which 96% are kaccha and only 6% have their pakka latrine facilities. In this regard, it is to be mentioned that 58% of the total households of the village have received the toilet grant. With the help of hooked electric connection 48% families, have television whereas 76% of the total respondent have mobile phones of their own. We found only 8% of the total households, who have their two wheelers.

It is true that it was necessary for the residents to illegally enter the surrounding country to fulfil basic needs and for their economic survival (to access local shops to buy and sell goods for instance) often becoming victims of sovereignty mechanisms and subject to prosecution as illegal intruders (Hosna.J.Shewly 2016). Now this situation has been changed. It is far easier to them to avail desired amenities.

7. Satisfactory Index:-

Satisfaction Parameter	NSR(fs)	NDR(fd)	Satisfaction Index	level
Health care	4	46	-0.840	D
Income level	2	48	-0.920	D
Educational facility	23	27	-0.080	D
Employement opportunity	14	36	-0.440	D
Market facility	44	6	+0.760	S
Housing condition	4	46	-0.840	D
Sanitation condition	12	38	-0.520	D
Bathroom	10	40	-0.600	D
Social security facility	20	30	-0.200	D

Here NSR= Number of satisfied respondent, NDR= Number of dissatisfied respondent.

Based on satisfactory index parameters it is very clear that other than market facility, the villagers are not satisfied in every parameter. Highest level of dissatisfaction is observed in case of income level and lowest dissatisfaction observed in case of education facility.

Facilities available for the enclaves:

After the exchange of enclaves central government sanctioned 1005.99 Crore INR for the development of the enclaves and the adjacent areas of the Cooch Behar district. These packages are for the physical development of the enclaves and benefits for the adjacent people.

The sanctioned infrastructural project include roads and bridges drainage canals, electrification of roads and household telecommunication, irrigation of embankment, hospital, health centre, Anganwadi centre, educational institution like primary, high and higher secondary schools and colleges, bank, community hall etc.

Residence of the former enclave has been taken in the main streams. Under social security scheme following measures have been taken by the district administration

Land survey has been completed for the erstwhile enclaves.(7000Acres of record correction will start meanwhile)

Infrastructural developments are being done for the enclaves and the district of Cooch Behar as a whole to the tune of Rs 1006 crore INR.

Ø Construction work of Joyee Bridge (Rs 415 crore) connecting Haldibari and Mekhliganj is under process.

Ø Drinking water facilities (Rs 73 crore INR) is being provided by creating spot water source, bore well, hand pumps and laying of piped water line with water reservoirs.

Ø Electrification (Rs 66 crore INR) has been done in 30 populated enclaves and household electric connections by installing electric meter and being given for 2867 families of enclaves.

Ø Sub divisional hospital of Dinhata, Mathavanga and Haldibari rural hospital are being upgraded from 430 to 700 no of beds (Rs 25 crore INR). Existing health facilities in these hospitals have been given a facelift

Ø Road connectivity (Rs 91 crore) through pakka road and culvert are being provided.

Ø New bus terminus (Rs 40 crore) is being constructed at Dinhata, Mathavanga, Mekhliganj and Haldibari.

Ø Permanent enclave housing (Rs 88crore) for enclave returnees are being constructed at three locations (Dinhata, Mekhliganj and Haldibari.)

Ø Educational and community infrastructure are being set up in enclave area( Rs 24 crore) up gradation of 40 primary and high schools, construction of 25 Anganwadi centre, 7 community halls having 250 seat capacity, play ground and market sheds are constructed in enclaves.

(Report for the Hon’ble Chief Minister of W.B)

Dakshin Mashaldanga being a former enclave area is experiencing the development project. According to Nazirhat II gram panchayet from the aforesaid project, allotted infrastructural activity and social security scheme are as follows-

· 100% coverage of issue of voter card

· 90% of the resident have received digital ration card under Antyodyo scheme

· 66% of the resident have received their Job card

· 90% the resident got their Aadhar card

· Total length of the road allotted for Dakshin Mashaldanga is Metalled 8Km and unmetalled 12 Km

· No of transformer for electrification is 14 and all of these are already installed

· No of Mart II deep tube well for drinking water is 28

· No of Green house setup for vegetable farming is 18

· No of Solar panel setup for irrigation purpose is 30 and all are working.

· There is an allotment for one Anganwadi centre, which is yet to be constructed

· The construction work of allotted one Primary Health Centre is going on.

· One Community Hall is also to be Setup in Dakshin Mashaldanga.

· There is no provision for Primary Health Centre, Telecommunication tower, School or Passenger shed.

Drawback of the developmental activity:

Before the exchange of enclaves people had gone through very tough time indeed. They had neither any identity nor any basic amenities. After the exchange process the development activity is going on. But during the course of field survey from the respondent we found there are some displeasure regarding the process and progress of the developing activity amongst the villages. The grudges are as follows –

i)The main crisis was their identity. Just after the swap of the territory government has started the process of giving the identity proof to the individuals of the enclave villages. But there is a deficit in this process.

Though 95% of the villagers their voter identity card, more than 40% of those cards are wrongly documented. Not only the voter card, aadhaar card, ration card, job card all are wrongly documented. The problem is as serious as the name of a person and his/ her date of birth is differently stated two different identity proofs. It leads to a big problem in their workplace, or in their children’s school as well. In case of school going children incorrect aadhaar card and other documents is creating obstruction to avail the school certificate as well as the benefits of various govt schemes like Shikhasree, Kanyasree and Minority grant, where Aadhaar card is mandatory in all sector.

ii) Another main crisis is regarding the documentation of their land ownership. Diptiman Sengupta, chief coordinator of Citizen Rights Coordination Committee, who works towards the welfare of enclave dwellers said that the process of land acquisition has not yet began. He said –“People do not have any documents of the house they are living in at the moment. A job is a far cry”, The Indian Express 2016. This statement is applicable for all the enclaves and Dakshin Mashaldanga as well. Before the exchange of Indo Bangladesh enclaves, they had their land registered in Bangladesh. Being in Bangladeshi enclaves, none of the households in Dakshin Mashaldanga has their land registered in Indian Revenue Department. The government had conducted a survey regarding their ownership of the land, but till now they have not received any documents regarding this issue. As they have neither any documents nor any registration they are basically landless. Hence those families who gave their land for the development activity like fixation of solar panel, construction of road, electric transformer are not getting any compensation. The total land area of the enclaves is of Indian government now. Due to the absence of compensation naturally they are disinterested and among villagers about giving their own land (dwelling house or agricultural land). This phenomenon is creating huge grievances amongst the villagers. They are demanding the immediate distribution of the deed against their land property.

(iii) Another dissatisfaction rose regarding quality of the developmental work, which is going on in the village. During the course of field survey they expressed their grievance of the quality of service of the Chitmahal development project.

· Firstly Government promised to build new roads entirely in the enclave area but in reality, only 350 metres is newly constructed and the rest unmetal road being converted to metal roads only. According to a local resident of the enclave, no new roads are taking place.

· Secondly, the quality of the material used for the building toilets are highly disappointing to the villagers.

· The government has set up 40 numbers of mart– II tube well for the purpose of drinking water in the Dakshin Mashaldanga, amongst which only 10 are in working condition available now. Due to this scenario, they are forced to travel long distances to collect drinking water even after 2 years of enclave exchange.

Alleging corruption, people demanded that the district administration should issue a white paper about the money that has been received for the welfare of the enclave dwellers and how much it had been spent. Ashad Ali, Indian Express 2016.

(iv) Other vital problem in the village is the location of ration shop. It is true that 92% of the family already received their digital ration card and all are under Antodyay Yajana, but the allotted fair price shops are as far as 30 – 40 kms from the village. They have to spend Rs 150 – Rs. 200 monthly to collect their ration for 1 month. Besides this they have to sacrifice their wage for that day, as it requires 4 – 5 hours to collect the rations. Hence the cheap rate of food grains, Rs2 kg rice provided by the government ultimately cost the bigger amount.

(v) They have not any local Panchayat member to produce their problem infront of the higher authority till date. In that case, some dishonest people hype them and taking advantage of their innocence.

SUGGESTION AND CONCLUSION:

From the above analysis of socio- economic condition it has been observed that education, health economic condition of Dakhsin Mashaldanga is not so good. To overcome these situations some important suggestions and recommendations may be placed. Such as-

· This area is experiencing high rate of fertility which is, as we know, the obstacle in the development of any society. With the help of health department of state government as well as central government, campaigning programme can be organised to make the people understand the deadly impact of high fertility rate and encourage them towards birth control.

· The above mentioned phenomenon of high fertility rate is basically the outcome of poor level of education. Our study clearly indicates the poor level of education in Dakshin Mashaldanga. Though the children now are being able to get admission in local schools, due to 68 years of deprivation illiteracy rate are very high among the adult people especially in the women. An adult literacy camp can be set up in the village, so that the women can take part. We found that the women of this area, likewise the other interior village of our country, are very shy to go outside of the village. Special literacy project can be adopted with the help of Anganwadi workers, teachers and other local administrative officers.

· A primary school can be set up within this village.

· Health department may take the initiative to complete the process of vaccination of the children above 2 years who did not get the vaccine before the exchange of enclave.

· To boost up the economic condition government may take extra measures by setting up of some especial market, where they can sell their agricultural products.

· Government may consider the people of enclave to engage them in 100 days job and get them into different project under MGNREGA scheme.

· To avail the all facilities they need to have better transport network. The main metalled road is yet to be constructed even after 2 years of enclave exchange. Administration should look after into this matter seriously.

· In case of drinking water besides Mart-ii tube well, likewise adjacent villages, tap water for drinking purpose can be set up, as all the Mart-ii tube well are not working properly.

· More than 50% of voter card and Aadhar card were found with wrong information like- age, address, fathers name etc. A special camp can be set up for rectification of their identity cards. Then only these documents will actually be identity proof in true sense.

· Government should be more conscious about the service, provided to the enclave peoples. As these are the case of sensitive issue, after the deprivation of such a long time, people are not ready to accept the service with full of mistakes. All the services should be checked in every step to ensure that these become flawless.

· Government also should be more careful about providing them an impartial and corruption free service.

Enclave problem is the consequences of inertness of political issue between two neighbouring countries of India and Bangladesh. The dwellers of enclaves in both the countries have been facing peculiar type of problems since very long time these problems can be solved only through an humanitarian approach towards them. Strong political will and corruption free developmental activity only can bring them out from this extreme hostile situation. Their problems are not likewise other economical backward regions. The enclave people need extra care and humanitarian approach from administration as well as neighbouring villages of the Indian main land.

REFERENCES:

1. Oxford dictionary 2003, PP-223

2. Md. Atiqur Rahman, Md. Mahbub Murshed, Nahid Sultan, “Live outside the map: the case of Angrapota- Dohogram Enclave, Bangladesh” IOSR-JHSS, Vol-9, 2013, PP-71 Available from http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jhss/papers/Vol9-issue1/K0917176.pdf

3. Satisfactory index by Haal, Tan, Yen, 1975

4. Evgency Vinokurov,”Theory of Enclaves”, Enclave stories and case studies, Cooch Behar,2005, Chapter 6, PP-117

5. Samapti Saha, “The Socio economic conditions of Indo-Bangladesh Enclaves People”, International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, Vol-4, Issue-7, July-2013, PP-1433-1436 Available from https://www.ijser.org/researchpaper/The-Socio-economic-conditions-of-Indo-Bangla-Enclaves-people.pdf

6. Debabrata Chaki, 2011, Bratyajoner Brittanta, 3^rd edition, PP-52

7. “India and Bangladesh Land Boundary Agreement”. Ministry of External Affairs Government of India. PP-2 -3, 20-21

8. Subrata Nagchowdhury, “I,ve got a nation . It comes to at the end of my life, still it comes: resident of Bangladeshi enclave” The Indian Express, 7^th June 2015. Available from http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/narendra-modis-bangladesh-visit-ive-got-a-nation-it-comes-at-the-end-of-my-life-still-it-comes/

9. Sougata Mukhopadhaya,” India-Bangladesh sign pact on border demarcation”, CNN-IBN, 7^th Sept, 2011 Available from https://web.archive.org/web/20120622024224/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/indiabangladesh-sign-pact-on-border-demarcation/181937-3.html

10. Adam Taylor ”Say goodbye to the weirdest border dispute in the world” Washington Post, 1^st August, 2015, Available from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/08/01/say-goodbye-to-the-weirdest-border-dispute-in-the-world/?utm_term=.13ed9223e711

11. Jason Cons, “The Tin Bigha corridor 15 years on” Forum, The Daily Star, October 2007, Vol-2, Issue-9 Available from http://archive.thedailystar.net/forum/2007/october/tin.htm

12. Brenden R Whyte, “Waiting for the esquimo: An historical and documentary study of the Cooch Behar enclaves of India and Bangladesh”, The school of Anthropology, Geography and Enviornmental Studies, The University of Melbourne, 2002, PP-13-15, 23 Available from file:///C:/Users/ARIN-PC/Downloads/66438_00001443_01_whyte.pdf

13. Child marriage is a Death sentence for Many young Girls, UNICEF, 2012 Available from https://www.unicef.org/sowc09/docs/SOWC09-CountryExample-Mali.pdf

14. Girls not Bride: The Global Partnership to End Child Marriage, a company limited by Guarntee Registered in England and Wales (Reg No- 8570751) and a registered charity in England and Wales (Reg No- 1154230)

15. Anandabazar Patrika, 8^th April, 2013

16. Aloke Pandey, “ Hope for Indo- Bangladesh enclaves” NDTV News, 12^th September 2011 Available from https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/hope-for-indo-bangladesh-enclaves-467347

17. Hosna J. Shewly, “India and Bangladesh Swap Territory, Citizens in Landmark Enclave Exchange”, Migration Policy.Org(Migration Information Source),online journal of Migration Policy Institute, March 9 2016 Available from https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/india-and-bangladesh-swap-territory-citizens-landmark-enclave-exchange

18. Ashad Ali, One year after Indo- bangla enclave exchange, Dwellers complain about state Govt,s apathy, The Indian Express, 1^st August, 2016 Available from http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/one-year-after-indo-bangla-enclaves-exchange-dwellers-complain-about-state-govts-apathy-2948414/

19. Report for Hon’ble Chief Minister W.B on enclave development progress from D.M, Cooch Behar

Received on 10.02.2018 Modified on 18.03.2018

Int. J. Rev. and Res. Social Sci. 2018; 6(1):32-44.

DOI: 10.5958/2454-2687.2018.00006.0

Female		Male		Total
Count	Percent-age	Count	Percent-age	Count	Percent-age
153	48.11	165	51.89	318	100